于测试代码之际, 你可曾撞上这些困扰, 外部的 API 尚未就绪, 数据库的连接并不稳定, 又或者某些函数的调用会引发副作用, 在此类情形之下, Mock 库简直就是那救星, 超级实用身为开发者, 晓得怎样高效运用Mock能够令你的测试更为灵活、可靠且富有效率。此篇文章将会引领你深度领会其相关的.mock库, 助力你掌控这个强大无比的测试工具。什么是 Mock简而言之, Mock乃于测试环境里塑造的虚拟对象, 此虚拟对象用以模仿真实对象之行径, 这些被构建出来的模拟对象能够:在三点三以及比三点三更高一些的版本当中, Mock已然被整合进入标准库这一共识体之内, 成为点mock模块的其中一部分。要是你所使用的是比较早的版本, 那么能够借助pip来进行安装了标点符号。pip mock为什么需要 Mock设想你正着手开发一款要调用支付API的应用。每一次运行测试之际都前往调用真实的API会引发:网络请求涵盖所需一定时间范畴从而使测试出现变慢现象, API状态存在有可能暂时无法投入使用这一特性致使测试呈现出不可靠状况, 具有能够引发真实财务相关交易的可能性而这笔交易并非是我们所期望达成的可能产生真实的财务交易。凭借运用Mock, 我们能够“佯装”去调用API, 然而实际上测试是于一个受管控的环境里得以开展的。Mock 基础用法创建简单的 Mock 对象 .mock Mock创建一个 Mock 对象 Mock()调用 Mock 对象的方法由于字符较为特殊。它写成相等的形式。含有圆括号。里面分号区域有“arg1”。同时还存在“arg2”呢。Mock 默认会返回另一个 Mock 对象print(type()) # 设置返回值 .mock Mock创建 Mock 并设置返回值 Mock().. 25现在调用这个方法总是返回 25纽约, 将其放入括号内借助某种特定符号, 然后进行打印操作, 最终输出的结果是25。 。模拟异常有时我们需要测试代码如何处理异常情况 .mock Mock Mock().. (数据库连接失败)验证函数调用模拟对象所做的是, 对其全部调用进行跟踪, 如此以往, 我们能够去验证代码是不是依照预期那样执行: .mock Mock Mock().add(2, 3).add(5, 7)检查是否调用了特定方法.add.()检查最后一次调用的参数.add.(5, 7)检查所有调用print(.add.) # 显示所有调用及其参数实际案例模拟 API 请求假设我们有一个获取天气数据的函数这似乎是一段代码片段且存在较多错误和不完整之处, 不太能按照准确要求进行改写。请确认正确及完整的代码内容后再让我处理。else: None试验这个函数之际, 我们并非想要切实去调用天气应用程序编程接口, 而是运用模拟对象来模仿该模块。# 假设, 上面的函数, 在这个模块中, 是.mock?class (.):使用属于Mock的子类, 给出了更多默认的实现情况, 尤其是针对魔术方法像, 等等: .mock创建一个可以被当作列表使用的 mock ().iter. iter()现在可以像列表一样使用它print(list()) # 输出: Mock 的高级用法使用 spec 参数使Mock对象更趋近于其所模拟的实实在在的对象, 靠的是spec参数, 它只通行对真实对象里已然存在的属性的访问。 .mock Mock定义一个简单的类class :def (self):pass创建一个基于 类的 Mock Mock(spec)这些方法存在于 类中所以可以调用.().query( * FROM users)这个方法不存在会引发1. 尝试执行2. 括号内的内容: 3. 这将会抛出异常: 4. 当异常发生时: 5. 将异常赋值给变量e: 6. 然后打印出: 7. 预期的错误加上变量e的值:自动生成模拟对象 ()创建一个自动模拟对象的函数, 会对可用的属性以及方法加以限制, 并且还负责验证调用签名。 .mockdef add(a, b): a b创建函数的模拟版本 (add). 10正确的调用方式 (5, 5)print() # 输出: 10错误的调用方式将引发异常注意, 你提供的内容表述不太清晰准确, 按照你要求的方式较难直接改写这样一段有错误的代码描述。请你确认或修正一下要改写的内容, 以便我能更准确地按照规则进行改写。模拟模块和对象的补丁用于临时替换模块或对象的patch装饰器, 或者说上下文管理器, 是Mock库里极为强大的众功能当中的其中之一。 .mock os作为装饰器使用在patch(os.)的情况下, 定义了一个名为ry的函数, 其返回值表示当os.()等于/fake/时, 结果为/fake/。ry()作为上下文管理器使用()最佳实践与注意事项只模拟直接依赖进行模拟时应当是在系统边界处发生模拟行为, 举个例子来说, 像是对数据库连接或者外部API进行模拟, 而并非是针对你自身的业务逻辑来模拟, 过度地运用Mock这一手, 那么很容易会致使测试变得脆弱不堪且极难维护有着问题存在。避免模拟被测试的代码听起来相当明显, 不过值得着重强调, 那便是千万别去模拟你当下正在进行测试的代码, Mock的用途在于隔离外部依赖, 并非用来跳过对实际功能的测试。小心处理复杂的模拟在你察觉到自身有对于复杂模拟设置的需求之时, 那般情况极有可能便是代码设计方面存有问题的一种信号情况。针对于此应当思量着手去重构代码, 以此来达成提高可测试性的目的。使用 () 重置状态若是于同一个测试里多次运用相同的Mock对象,那么能够采用() 方法去重置其状态: .mock Mockm.()print(m..) # False结语Mock乃是测试工具箱里头绝对不能缺少的一部分它可以使得测试变得更为灵活、更加可靠, 而且还能够帮助我们去隔离测试期间里的外部那些依赖。想要熟练掌握Mock不太轻便, 需要耗费一定的时分, 然而其回馈影响可不小。凭借妥当利用Mock能够: 加快测试运行的速度, 提升测试的稳固与可靠程度, 更轻易地去测试出现异常的状况以及边界范畴, 尚在不可利用的依靠准备好之前就着手进行测试过程。牢记, Mock乃是一种工具, 并非银弹。恰当地运用它, 与其他测试技术相配合, 你将会发觉测试变得更具效率且更为愉悦。期望这篇文章对你存有帮助, 去尝试在你接下来的项目里运用Mock, 你将会诧异于它能够为你的测试带来何等程度的便利。Happy 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